Climbers
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Climbers are an essential garden element and are especially important in large country gardens where long fences and potentially monotonous wide-open spaces are common. Climbers soften the lines of otherwise harsh structures, such as fences and car-ports; they can provide shade when grown over arches, pergolas, gazebos; and they can be used as dividers or hedges when grown on frames.
Useful as climbers undeniably are, there are problems with them. In mild northern areas some, especially jasmine, tend to be far too vigorous and can rapidly take over a garden, However, for many gardeners the main problem is finding hardy evergreen climbers. There just aren’t that many climbers that are evergreen and flower well while also being reliably hardy. In most cases some form of frost protection is required. As that is usually impractical with a car-port or a pergola many otherwise desirable climbers are ruled out or consigned to more sheltered positions.
The only real alternative is to make better use of the hardy deciduous climbers, such as wisteria, but there is a definite preference for evergreens among most gardeners. Regardless of how often the avant garde of the gardening set may dismiss such a preference as “vulgar” or “unsophisticated” it’s there. Any introductions of new hardy evergreen climbers would be most welcome.
Once established, climbers need to be trained and controlled. In many cases an understanding of the way the plant grows will aid in the control of rampant growth without sacrificing the flowers or ruining the overall appearance of the plant.
Take wisteria for example; during the growing season wisterias send out very long basal shoots. These shoots may extend up to ten metres or more and much of the energy of the plant goes into their production. If you want to contain the spread of the top growth let these shoots grow during summer and remove them at the end of the growing season. If you want maximum top growth remove the basal shoots as they appear or train some of them upwards to fill out the main structure of the climber.
Nevertheless if you want to grow climbers you have to be prepared to put up with rampant growth on occasions. In time many climbers become too large to easily keep under control so be sure that position you want to fill can cope with the climber you choose. It’s better to plant two small climbers than have to be continually hacking at a giant jungle vine.
Soil Requirements
With such a wide range of plants it’s difficult to give general soil requirements but most climbers do best in a reasonably rich, well-drained soil. There are not many climbers that will tolerate poor drainage but many are drought tolerant.
Propagation
Cultivars and selected forms are generally grown from semi-ripe cuttings. Most strike very readily and grow rapidly. A few, such as hybrid Clematis and Wisteria, may pose problems but otherwise any difficulties are usually overcome with experience.
Species and your own hybrids may be grown from seed. You will need to check the requirements for the seed you intend to sow but most climbers germinate freely. The seed of leguminous plants benefits from soaking and that of deciduous climbers may need stratification.
Try to get the young seedlings to a good size before winter or they may not survive. This is especially true of deciduous climbers that must produce wood capable of bearing spring buds before the foliage falls.
Pests and Diseases
Climbers usually grow fast enough that they quickly recover from any damage. Bad insect infestations are rare, which is fortunate as climbers tend to be large plants that are difficult to spray. If you do have to spray consider using a systemic insecticide because it may still be effective with less than 100% coverage.
Climber Selection
The following are all popular garden specimens but note the hardiness ratings and sizes. Slightly frost tender climbers will often succeed in sheltered positions and large growers can be trimmed but these are the two factors that most limit your choice. Don’t underestimate your winter climate and don’t overestimate your dedication to pruning.
Actinidia
The Kiwifruit (A. chinensis) is the best known member of this genus but it is seldom grown as an ornamental. The closely related A. kolomikta, on the other hand, is seldom grown for its fruit, which is yellow, oval, about 2 cm long and edible. As with the Kiwifruit only female plants bear fruit. The green leafed species is uncommon, most garden specimens are variegated. The variegation is not consistent but the green, white and pink is colourful anyway. This is a hardy deciduous climber that withstands about -15°C. Spreads to about 3 m high x 4 m wide. Grow in cool moist soil with the top in the sun. Propagate by semi-ripe cuttings in late summer.
Akebia
The common species, A. quinata, is a hardy evergreen to semi-deciduous twining climber that prefers to grow in cool moist soil in semi-shade. Its leaves are divided into five rounded leaflets. The new growth is light green but darkens as it matures. The faintly scented brownish flowers are followed by purplish blue 75-100 mm long sausage-like fruit. Hardy to about -30°C but deciduous below -10°C. Rapid growing when young and ultimately reaches about 3 m high x 6 m wide. May be grown from semi-ripe cuttings or raised from seed. A. trifoliata is a similar species with trifoliate leaves.
Allamanda
It is difficult to know whether to include Allamanda as a climber or a shrub. The common species, A. cathartica, is primarily grown as a climber although it is really a sprawling shrub. It is definitely best espaliered, where it may grow to 2 m high x 2 m wide. Its main attraction is the very large bright yellow trumpet shaped flowers, which are carried in abundance through summer. Frost tender and only suited to very mild areas. The form ‘Hendersonii’ has very large flowers. A. neriifolia is a similar species that has lanceolate leaves and golden flowers. Propagate the species by seed, ‘Hendersonii’ by semi-ripe cuttings in late summer and autumn.
Aloe
The species commonly called ‘Climbing Aloes’ are not true climbers but sprawling thin-stemmed succulent shrubs. The most widely grown species is A. ciliaris. It has succulent strappy leaves and tightly packed heads of tubular orange flowers with green tips. Hardy to about -3°C and easily grown in any well-drained soil in full sun. It grows to about 2 m high and wide. Usually grown by removing a foliage rosette and placing it in damp soil. Roots form quickly. May be raised from seed.
Ampelopsis
The Blueberry Climber (A. brevipedunculata) clearly shows its close relationship to the grape (Vitis sp.). It is a very hardy (-30°C) deciduous climber with dark green toothed edged deeply lobed leaves that are very grape-like. The insignificant flower clusters are followed by bunches of currant sized pink to purplish blue fruit. Variable ripening means there can be considerable colour variation within one bunch of fruit. Unless protected birds will rapidly decimate the crop. The foliage turns red before falling. In mild areas it is often partially evergreen. Climbs by tendrils and may grow to 6 m high x 8 m wide. May be raised from seed but usually grown from winter hardwood cuttings or semi-ripe cuttings taken in late summer.
Antigonon
One of several climbers known as Coral Vine, A. leptopus is a tender evergreen climber that will behave as a deciduous perennial in cold winter areas if its roots are protected from freezing. The leaves are dark green and heart shaped with wavy edges. The small heart-shaped pink flowers, which appear throughout summer, are carried in clustered racemes that form into long trailing sprays. Thrives in a hot spot but requires ample summer moisture. The top dies back at temperatures just below freezing and the roots die if the soil freezes. May grow up to 12 m wide in a mild climate if unchecked. May be raised from seed, semi-ripe cuttings or division of the rootstock.
Araujia
Araujia sericofera is an evergreen to semi-deciduous climber that can become invasive in mild winter areas. It known as the ‘Moth Plant’ because moths are attracted to its flowers. Many of the moths are trapped and killed in the flowers, which has given the plant the alternative name ‘Cruel Plant’. It is a member of the Asclepiadaceae and has the typical milky sap and large kapok filled seed pods so often seen in that family. 2 cm white bell-shaped flowers open from pink buds. The flowers are mildly scented, especially in the early evening, hence the moths. The leaves are mid green and about 75 mm long. A. sericifera is hardy to about -6°C once established and frequently self sows. It is not a neat grower nor is it a long term plant but it can be useful for providing a quick cover. Can be contained to about 3 m high x 3.5 m wide but may grow to 10 m wide if not regularly trimmed. Grow from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Aristolochia
This family includes about 350 species of evergreen and deciduous vines. Many are tender but others may be treated as perennials and left to regrow from the roots each year. The flowers are the most interesting feature of these plants. They are usually a reddish brown (the colour looks like rotting meat and attract pollinating flies) and composed of a bowl shaped structure on along stem. They are vigorous growers that usually have heart or kidney-shaped glossy leaves. The size of the leaves varies with the species. The common A. elegans, a tender evergreen, has leaves about 70 mm long but A. durior, a hardy deciduous species has leaves that can be up to 400 mm long. They grow to at least 2 m high x 2 m wide and some species may reach 8 m wide. Able to tolerate most soils but with a preference for ample summer moisture and partial shade. mat be grown from seed, cuttings and in some cases by division of the rootstock.
Asparagus Fern-see Protoasparagus
Asteranthera
This rare Gesneriad genus is native to South America. One species, A. ovata is sometimes seen in New Zealand gardens. It is an evergreen that grows to about 3 m high x 3 m wide. It produces aerial roots with which it climbs. The small toothed oval leaves are dark green and covered in small hairs. The velvety red flowers have four petals and are about 40 mm wide. A. ovata flowers from late spring to autumn. grow in cool moist well-drained soil in light shade. Hardy to about -8°C. Grow from small semi-ripe cuttings or seed if available.
Australian Bluebell-see Sollya
Bauhinia
Very tender but where they can be grown the tropical Bauhinia species are one of the most flamboyant and heavy flowering climbers. The leaves are oval to lanceolate, usually somewhat succulent, and deep green to glaucous with a prominent midrib. The star-shaped pink flowers are massed in large racemes and can totally smother the plant. Most species will tolerate only very light frosts but B. variegata (purpurea) will withstand -4°C once established. It has light green leaves, pink or purple flowers and often produces a heavy crop of bean-like seed pods. These look untidy and are best removed. B. punctata (galpinii) is also quite hardy. It has orange to red flowers. Most species grow to about 4 m high x 4 m wide. Plant Bauhinia in a warm sheltered position in light well-drained soil. Usually raised from seed but may also be grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Beaumontia
Beaumontia grandiflora is a magnificent plant but too tender for all but the far north. It has 200 mm long glossy deep green oval leaves with prominent veins. The foliage is reminiscent of Gardenia. From late spring to mid autumn this semi-twining vine produces mildly fragrant white trumpet shaped flowers. The flowers are about 125 mm long and 75 mm diameter at the throat. Hardy to about -2°C but best in a frost free area with warm summer conditions. Grows to about 6 m high and wide. Plant in moist, humus enriched, well-drained soil. May be raised from seed but more commonly grown from cuttings. B. terdoniana is a similar species, which although more fragrant is also more tender.
Berberidopsis
The Chilean Coral Vine (B. corallina) is an evergreen climber that does best with even cool temperatures, a position in light shade and moist humus enriched soil. It is hardy to about -6°C but the new growth is very soft and plants can be badly damaged by very early or late frosts. The leaves are roughly cordate with serrated edges. They are about 75 mm long, deep matt green above and lighter below. The red bell like long stemmed flowers resemble unopened fuchsia buds. The flowers are of the type of intense red that is very common in Chilean plants. It is not a large or brazenly showy climber but it is elegant. Grows to about 3 m high x 2 m wide. Usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings.
Bignonia
This genus used to include a wide range of trumpet flowered climbers but most have now been reclassified. Related genera include Campsis, Clytostoma, Distictis, Macfadyena, Pandorea and Pyrostegia. The only commonly grown species left in this genus is B. capreolata. It is an evergreen or semi-deciduous climber with 75 mm deep green elliptical leaves and 50 mm long orange and yellow trumpet shaped flowers. It is hardy to about -8°C and may grow up to 7 m across. Climbs by tendrils. Grows in any moist well-drained soil in full sun. May be grown from seed but usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings.
Billardiera
The Purple Apple Berry (B. longiflora) is an Australian climber of the Pittosporum family. It is a scrambling semi-twining climber that grows to about 3 m high x 2 m wide. The leaves are narrow and about 50 mm long. The small cream bell shaped flowers are followed by bluish purple berries that are similar in size and shape to large Fuchsia berries. Were it not for the unusually coloured fruit this would be an easy plant to overlook but it is useful as it grows well in light shade. Hardy to about -8°C and best grown in cool moist well-drained soil in semi-shade. May be grown from seed, which is freely produced, or by semi-ripe cuttings.
Black Eyed Susan Vine-see Thunbergia
Blueberry Climber-see Ampelopsis
Bomarea
Often known as Climbing Alstroemeria this genus of evergreen or perennial climber was very popular from the 1930s to the early 1960s but is now far less widely grown. The foliage and flower heads are very similar to the closely related Alstroemeria but the flowers are smaller, more clustered and with less widely flared trumpets. Several species are grown and many more remain to be introduced. in mild areas they remain evergreen but the foliage dies back when exposed to frosts over -2°C. The plants will reshoot from the rootstock provided it is well insulated. Most species grow to about 3 m high x 2 m wide. The flowering season varies but most bloom in late spring and summer. A good long lasting cut flower. Best in light well-drained soil in full sun. May be raised from seed or careful division of the rootstock in early spring.
Boston Ivy-see Parthenocissus
Bougainvillea
It’s hard to imagine a climber that is more widely associated with warm summer weather. Bougainvillea and palm trees are the travel agent’s dream. However, you don’t need a tropical climate to grow this beautiful climber outdoors. Provided you choose the right variety and position any reasonably mild area can support a Bougainvillea.
Bougainvillea is an evergreen to deciduous scrambling climber that grows to about 4 m high x 5 m wide although old plants may grow to 8 m or more. A few dwarf forms are available. It has deep green 75 mm long leaves and narrow white tubular flowers. The three leaf shaped vividly coloured bracts that surround each flower cluster are the main feature. The bracts are produced all through the warmer seasons and may cover most of the vine. Almost any colour is available but the more vivid pink, red, orange and purple shades are the most popular.
Hardiness varies with the species. The B. glabra hybrids are the most hardy and will withstand up to -6°C in a protected position once established although they may lose most, if not all, their foliage in very cold weather. Most others, such as B. peruviana, B. spectabilis and their hybrids, are more frost tender and are best with some overhead protection if temperatures are likely to drop below -2°C. Plant in light, yet moist, well-drained soil in full sun. Container grown plants should be kept nearly dry over winter and often bloom better if slightly root bound. Do not overfeed Bougainvillea as it leads to production of foliage rather than flowers. Plants may be raised from seed but as most are named cultivars they are usually propagated vegetatively by cuttings of firm yet still green wood.
Brazilian Flame Creeper-see Pyrostegia
Campsis
These deciduous climbers pass much of the year unnoticed but always attract attention when they come into flower in summer. They are vigorous growers that climb by means of clinging pads of aerial roots that can adhere to most surfaces. They may grow to 5 m high x 8 m wide. The 200 mm long leaves are pinnate and composed of 50 mm long leaflets. Two species and several hybrids are grown. C. grandiflora is a Chinese species with 100 mm long large lobed trumpet shaped deep orange to red flowers while the North American species C. radicans has 75 mm long bright orange less widely flared flowers with darker lobes. It is also available in a yellow form. C. x tagliabuana is a hybrid between the two species that has produced a form known as ‘ Mme Galen’, which has pinkish red lobes. C radicans will withstand -20°C but C. grandiflora is only hardy to about -10°C. Easily grown in any well-drained soil in full sun. In rich moist soils suckering can be a problem. The species may be raised from seed but the hybrids and selected forms are usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings or winter hardwood cuttings.
Carolina Jessamine-see Gelsemium
Cat’s Claw Creeper-see Macfadyena
Celastrus
These hardy (-30°C) deciduous plants are some of the few ornamental climbers grown purely for their fruit. Several species are grown, of which C. orbiculatus and C. scandens are the most common. Both are vigorous twining climbers that can grow to at least 5 m high x 6 m wide. The have elliptical finely toothed leaves that turn yellow before falling and small greenish yellow flowers. The flowers are followed by yellow to orange round seed capsules that split open to reveal the bright orange or red seeds inside. As birds are largely uninterested in the fruit the display often lasts well into winter. Remove the old fruiting wood after the crop has fallen. Easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in sun or light semi-shade. Usually raised from seed but may be grown from root cuttings.
Ceropegia
The ‘String of Hearts’ (C. woodii) is the best known member of this Asclepiad genus but it is usually grown as a house plant. Several other species more suited to outdoor or conservatory cultivation are available but relatively rarely grown. They have succulent foliage and/or stems and very unusual flowers that are designed to trap visiting insects until pollination is effected. Some, such as C. haygarthii, appear to be pollinated by flies as they have the typical deep red ‘dead meat’ colouration but others are more likely to be moth pollinated. All the species are tender and withstand little, if any, frost. They are not large climbers and rarely exceed 1.8 m high x 1 m wide. Grow in light well-drained soil. May be raised from seed or cuttings.
Chilean Bellflower-see Lapageria
Chilean Glory Flower-see Eccremocarpus
Chinaman’s Hat-see Holmskioldia
Chinese Gooseberry-see Actinidia
Cissus
Grape Ivy (C. rhombifolia) is popular as a house plant and can also be grown outdoors in mild areas. An evergreen that may grow to 5 m high it has deeply loped glossy green compound leaves (composed of 50 mm long rhomboidal leaflets) that resemble small grape leaves. The stems and the undersides of the leaves often have a reddish tint. The flowers are insignificant. Hardy to about -3°C. Plant in moist well-drained soil in light shade. Usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings, which strike easily. C. antarctica (‘Kangaroo Vine’), C. hypoglauca and C. striata are hardier evergreen species but are less commonly grown although seed is available.
Clerodendrum
The shrubby Clerodendrum species are covered in the shrubs section but two species, C. thomsonae and C. splendens are sufficiently vine-like to be included here. Both are totally frost tender and only suitable for outdoor cultivation in very mild frost free areas. Both species have deep green cordate leaves. Those of C. thomsonae are about 75 mm long while the leaves of C. splendens can be up to 125 mm long. Both species have bright red flowers with prominent exserted stamens. However, those of C. thomsonae are enclosed in pure white bracts until they open. The bright red combined with the stark white makes a clear and striking contrast. Both species grow to about 3 m high x 3 m wide. Plant in moist well-drained soil. Usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings. They make attractive house or conservatory plants where too tender to grow outdoors.
Climbing Alstroemeria-see Bomarea
Climbing Fig-see Ficus
Climbing Rata-see Metrosideros
Clitoria
The Butterfly Pea (C. ternatea) is a frost tender climber that needs warm summer conditions to flower well. It has loosely structured large sweet pea-like flowers in summer. The foliage is very dense and can tend to hide the flowers. The 150 mm long leaves are pinnate and composed of about seven oval shaped leaflets. Grows to about 4 m high x 3 m wide. Plant in moist well-drained soil in full sun. May be grown from semi-ripe cuttings but is usually raised from seed, which germinates faster if soaked for a few hours before sowing.
Clytostoma
The Argentine Trumpet Vine (C. callistegioides) is a strong growing climber that takes a tenacious hold with strong tendrils. Its foliage is composed of opposite pairs of 75 mm long deep green slightly glossy pointed oblong leaves. As the common name suggests the 75 mm long flowers are trumpet shaped. They are lavender pink with a lighter throat and darker markings. In mild areas it grows quickly but can be slow to establish in colder districts. Hardy to about -7°C once established and may reshoot from the roots if the foliage is killed. Grow in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Cobaea
The Cup and Saucer Vine (C. scandens) is evergreen in mild frost free areas, perennial where the rootstock can be insulated from frost and treated as an annual elsewhere. It has compound leaves composed of 2 or 3 pairs of 75-100 mm long leathery oval leaflets. The foliage is deep green above, light green on the undersides and reddish bronze when young. The bell shaped flowers are 50-75 mm long and sit in a saucer-like calyx. The vine climbs by strong tendrils that form at the ends of the leaves and may reach 8 m high in warm frost free areas. Grows best in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Usually raised from seed, which germinates best if scarified and only very lightly covered with just enough moisture to prevent drying out.
Combretum
The Flame Creeper (C. farinosum) is an evergreen really best suited to tropical climates but gardeners in the far north that like to try something different sometimes grow it. It has deep green leathery lanceolate leaves up to 150 mm long and twines vigorously. in late summer and autumn the plant produces huge racemes of 120 mm long brush-like flowers that turn from greenish yellow to vivid orange red as they mature. Demands near frost free conditions and a hot summer. Grow in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Often raised from seed but may also be grown from semi-ripe cuttings taken in autumn and wintered under cover.
Congea
This tropical Asian evergreen (C. tomentosa) is a spectacular summer flowering climber. It has deep green leathery leaves up to 150 mm long that have a slight tomentum on the undersides. It is vigorous and can grow to 5 m high and wide. In summer it produces large panicles of bright pink bracted flowers. These are usually carried above the foliage and are very impressive. This climber will not tolerate frosts and needs hot summer conditions to be at its best. Grow in moist well-drained conditions in full sun. Quite drought tolerant once established. Raise from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Coral Pea-see Kennedia
Coral Vine-see Berberidopisis
Cruel Plant-see Araujia
Cup of Gold-see Solandra
Dipladenia-see Mandevilla
Distictis
Formerly known as Phaedranthus buccinatorius and Bignonia cherere the Mexican Blood Flower (D. buccinatoria) is an evergreen vine that climbs by means of tendrils. It has pairs of 75-100 mm long deep green oblong leaves and can grow to 4 m high x 6 m wide. From late spring it produces heads of 100 mm long red trumpet shaped flowers with yellow lobe tips and centres. In very mild areas it can flower at any time. Hardy to about -4°C or slightly lower with protection. Grow in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings. Vanilla Trumpet Vine (D. laxiflora) is a less common species. It is not such a vigorous grower and has fragrant violet flowers that fade to white.
Dolichos
The Australian Pea (D. lignosus) is a fairly hardy (-5°C) evergreen twiner that is a native of South Africa but gets its common name because it is very common in Australia, particularly Western Australia. It has trifoliate leaves composed of unusual deep green triangular to rhomboidal leaflets that are up to 50 mm wide. From late spring to autumn in produces erect racemes of small white to deep pink sweet pea-like flowers. The flowers are followed seed pods that burst when ripe. Grows best in light well-drained soil in full sun and may reach 3.5 m high x 5 m wide. Usually raised from seed.
Doxantha-see Macfadyena
Dregia
Formerly known as Wattakaka sinensis, Dregia sinensis is a hardy deciduous climber native to China. It has 100 mm long deep green ovate to cordate leaves with slightly tomentose undersides. In summer it produces terminal clusters of starry light to mid pink flowers. The individual flowers are about 10 mm diameter and the heads, which contain about 15-20 flowers are about 75 mm across. The flowers are followed by 70 mm long seed pods. Hardy to -15°C and easily grown in any cool moist well-drained soil. May reach 3 m high and wide. Raise from seed or semi-ripe summer cuttings.
Dutchman’s Pipe-see Aristolochia
Eccremocarpus
The Chilean Glory Flower (E. scaber) is an evergreen scrambling climber that is hardy to about -12°C. It has deep green bipinnate leaves composed of small cordate leaflets. It is not a neat climber but it does provide a quick cover and as there are relatively few hardy evergreen climbers it has some merit. The 20 mm long tubular orange flowers have slightly flared yellow orange lobes. They appear throughout the warmer months. In mild climates it can become invasive. Grow in moist well-drained soil in sun or light shade. Usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings, which strike easily.
Eustrephus
The Wombat Berry (E. latifolia) is an Australian evergreen semi twining climber. It has very fine stems that are clothed in alternate 75 mm long narrow deep green leaves. In late spring and early summer it produces small pink flowers that are followed by clusters of round golden yellow berries. The berries remain on the vine well into winter. A vigorous climber that grows to the limit of its support. Hardy to about -5°C and easily grown in any cool, moist well-drained soil in sun or light shade. May be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Ficus
The Creeping Fig (F. pumila) is frequently grown as a house plant but it is hardy to about -10°C with some damage and can be grown outdoors over much of the country. It looks innocent enough when young. It’s hard to believe that the fine stemmed climber with small heart shaped leaves could develop into a 20 m high and wide monster but it can. It climbs but self adhesive aerial roots that can even cling to glass. Don’t even think about planting it against a building unless you are prepared to cut it to the ground every few years. The adult leaves are tough and leathery and about 100 mm long. The flowers are insignificant but in mild climates will be followed by large sausage shaped fruit. It also has rather invasive roots. Tolerates most conditions but does not do well if hot and dry. May be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Flame Creeper-see Combretum
Gelsemium
Carolina Jessamine (G. sempervirens) is frequently mistaken for one of the yellow flowered jasmines but it belongs to an entirely different family. It is an evergreen twiner with 50-75 mm long narrow deep green glossy leaves. In mild climates it bears its narrow 40 mm long bright yellow trumpet shaped flowers for most of the year but it is primarily spring and early summer flowering. A double flowered form is available. Grows to about 3.5 m high x 3 m wide or can be used as a ground cover in mild districts. Hardy to -8°C but best grown in a sheltered sunny position as it needs plenty of warmth to flower well. Plant in moist well-drained soil. Usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Golden Shower-see Pyrostegia
Grape Ivy-see Cissus
Guinea Gold Vine-see Hibbertia
Hardenbergia
This Australian leguminous genus is highly valued for its magnificent flower display. But even better is that it flowers in winter. The two common species H. comptoniana and H. violacea are hardy to about -6°C once established. They can be successfully grown in most parts of the country with the protection of a warm north wall and overhanging eaves. Both are strong growing twiners with deep green leaves and racemes of small sweet pea-like flowers. They grow to about 3 m high x 5 m wide. H. violacea has narrow 100 mm long leaves while H. comptoniana has compound leaves made up of three to five 50 mm long rounded leaflets. H. violacea generally has purple flowers but pink and white forms are available. The pink and white forms are sometimes listed as H. monophylla ‘Rosea’ and ‘Alba’ but the current botanical opinion is that they are forms of H. violacea. H. comptoniana has lavender pink flowers and also comes in a white form. Easily grown in any moist well-drained soil. Drought tolerant when established. May be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Hedera
Ivy does not always enjoy the best of reputations. It’s a hardy evergreen climber and there are not too many of those. It’s a quick self-supporting cover and grows almost anywhere but it often grows too well and it can be a swine to remove. Two species are widely grown in New Zealand. English Ivy (H. helix) and large leafed Canary Island Ivy (H. canariensis) are both hardy over most of the country. H. canariensis is damaged by hard frosts in some areas but it usually recovers in spring. Both species come in a variety of foliage forms. H. canariensis is restricted to the plain green leaf and a couple of variegated cultivars but H. helix comes in variegated, cristate, dwarf and various other styles. Ivies are strong growing climbers that should not be planted where they may get out of control. Used with restrain they are also effective weed smothering ground covers. But remember if there is anything in the way they will climb over it; ivies don’t take any prisoners. Grows best in moist well-drained soil but drought tolerant once established. Usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Heterocentron
Spanish Shawl (H. elegans) is really a perennial but it behaves as an evergreen climber in mild frost free areas. If the roots can be protested from freezing it will reshoot despite being frosted to the ground. It has a creeping and semi-twining habit and is effective as a climber, ground cover and hanging basket plant. The oval leaves are deep green and often develop reddish tones. From mid spring to autumn it bears starry 25 mm diameter magenta flowers. The coloured calyces remain after the flowers have fallen. Grow in moist well-drained soil in light shade. May be grown from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Hibbertia
This evergreen Australian genus includes species that vary considerably in size. The two common species H. scandens and H. stellaris are quite different from one another. H. scandens is a strong growing twining climber with 100 mm long deep green leathery leaves that have a conspicuous red tinted central vein. Throughout summer it produces 75 mm diameter bright yellow buttercup or single rose-like flowers. It is hardy to about -5°C and grows to around 3 m high and wide. Grows best in rich moist well-drained soil in full sun. H. stellaris is a spreading ground cover or small climber. It has 15 mm long deep glossy green oblong leaves and 25 mm diameter bright yellow buttercup flowers. It is hardy to about -6°C and spreads to about 2 m wide and can be trained as a climber to about 1.2 m high. It is very effective in hanging baskets. Grows best in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Both species can be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Holmskioldia
Chinaman’s Hat (H. sanguinea) is an unusual evergreen climber that demands a warm frost free climate. It is not a large climber, it rarely exceeds 2 m high x 1.5 m wide but it is colourful and distinctly different. The small pointed oval leaves are a dull mid green. In winter the plant produces terminal racemes of 50 mm long bright red tubular flowers with widely flared red calyces. The calyces remain after the flowers fall and create a similar effect to ‘Bells of Ireland’ (Moluccella laevis). Grows best in light well-drained soil in full sun. Usually raised from seed but may also be grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Honeysuckle-see Lonicera
Hop-see Humulus
Hoya
The Wax Flower (H. carnosa) is undoubtedly the best known species of this genus of evergreen succulent climbers. It is a twining climber that grows to about 3 m high and wide. It has mid green leather lanceolate leaves about 100 mm long and from late winter produces pendulous round heads of fragrant starry pale pink flowers. The individual flowers are around 12 mm diameter while the flower heads can be up to 100 mm across. The flowers drip with nectar. Do not remove spent flower heads as new flowers will form on the same bud next year. H. carnosa is hardy to about -2°C but can be grown in colder areas with overhead protection. It is a superb plant for covered patios. Grows best in light well-drained soil in light shade. Does well in containers and often flowers better if somewhat root bound. Several similar species, which are usually more tender, are occasionally seen as is the small hanging basket species H. bella. Too tender to grow outdoors except in very mild areas, H. bella has small rhomboidal leaves and creamy white flowers. It will grow as a low climber to 1 m but is usually grown in hanging baskets. Hoya can be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings, which should not be overwatered.
Humulus
More commonly grown as a commercial crop than a garden specimen, the common Hop (H. lupulus) is a strong growing perennial vine and one of the primary ingredients of beer. The green leafed species is a good quick filler but the golden leafed ‘Aurea’ is a more attractive plant and more likely to be seen in gardens. Hardy to -30°C and easily grown in any moist well-drained soil with ample summer water. Hops have coarsely serrated three to five lobed leaves and twining hairy stems. The stem hairs cause a contact dermatitis with some people so handle them with care. From the appearance of the first shoots in spring to the ultimate 4-5 m height is only a matter of three to four months. The hops, which are pendulous cones of bracts and flowers, form in late summer. The green tops are killed by the first frosts and should be removed once fully died down and dried off. May be raised from seed or division of the rootstock. Tender hop shoots can be boiled and used as a vegetable.
Hydrangea
Although best known as a large flowered garden shrub this genus also includes a climbing species. H. anomala (H. petiolaris [scandens]) is a vigorous deciduous vine that climbs by means of self-adhesive aerial roots. Hardy to about -30°C and best grown in cool moist, humus enriched, well-drained soil in sun or light shade. It has 75-100 mm long deep green cordate leaves. The 250 mm wide flower heads form on short side shoots. The creamy white flower head is of the lace cap style with tiny fertile flowers surrounded by larger sterile flowers. Usually grown from semi-ripe summer cuttings or winter hardwood cuttings but may also be raised from seed, which germinates better with stratification.
Ipomoea
The Morning Glory vines are strong growing annual or perennial Convolvulus relatives. The best known is the blue flowered I. acuminata (leari). It is widely grown and its bright blue 75 mm wide trumpets are a very common sight in summer and autumn. It is a rampant twining perennial that remains evergreen if sheltered from frost but is often best cut back to ground level each winter even if the weather doesn’t do it for you. It has cordate leaves that could easily be mistaken for those of ‘Convolvulus’ (Calystegia sylvaticus) when the plant was not flowering. Grows in most soils but best in cool moist well-drained soil in full sun. May be raised from seed (which should be soaked before sowing), semi-ripe cuttings or division of the rootstock. The other species commonly seen in gardens is the annual I. tricolor, which is annual raised from seed each year. It is available in a range of colours including white, pink, blue and red.
Ivy-see Hedera
Ivy Geranium-see Pelargonium
Jasminum
Jasmine is a name synonymous with scent and perhaps just a hint of something exotic. So it comes as something of an unpleasant surprise for gardeners in mild areas that the most commonly grown species J. polyanthum is inclined to be more than a little invasive. It is an evergreen with bipinnate deep green leaves composed of small pointed leaflets. The new foliage is bronze green. The clusters of heavily fragrant white tubular flowers open from pink buds and can appear at any time with late winter and spring usually the peak seasons. The flowers are followed by 8 mm diameter blackish berries. J. polyanthum is often severely damaged if repeated exposed to temperatures blow -4°C. In some ways this is not such a bad thing because it keeps its growth in check. In frost free areas it can grow up 4 m a year and may reach huge proportions if left untrimmed. Grows best in moist, humus enriched, well-drained soil in full sun. Usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings but may also be raised from seed.
Other species are not as vigorous as J. polyanthum and generally not as fragrant. The ‘Azores Jasmine’ (J. azorica) is scented. It has pure white flowers and more leathery foliage than J. polyanthum. It is hardy to about -5°C. J. mesnyi is a hardier species but its yellow flowers are unscented. J. nudiflorum is a very hardy deciduous species that blooms in the winter when the plant is without leaves. The pink flowered jasmines and J. officianale are also quite hardy. Less common species, such as J. humile, are available as seed though seldom seen in garden centres.
Kangaroo Vine-see Cissus.
Kennedia
The Coral Peas are tough adaptable leguminous Australian evergreens. They are very vigorous twiners that are drought tolerant and colourful. Three species are quite common and others are available as seed from specialist suppliers. The three common species are K. coccinea, K. nigricans and K. rubicunda. All have clusters of small sweet-pea like flowers in late winter and spring. Those of K. coccinea and K. rubicunda are red while K. nigricans has purplish black flowers with a prominent yellow blotch. Bean-like seed pods follow the flowers. All have compound leaves with three leaflets. K. coccinea has narrow leaflets but they are oval in K. nigricans and K. rubicunda. They grow rapidly and may reach 3 m high x 4 m wide. They can also be used as ground covers for dry banks. Hardy to about -5°C once established but tender when young. Grow in light well-drained soil in full sun. Usually raised from seed but may also be grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Kiwifruit-see Actinidia
Lapageria
Any gardener that sees the beautiful blooms of the Chilean Bell Flower (L. rosea) immediately wants a plant. Fortunately they are readily available and not too difficult to grow. This twining evergreen climber has a definite preference for cool, humus enriched moist acid soil in light shade. It has glossy deep green leathery leaves up to 100 mm long and red bell shaped flowers. The 75 mm long flowers have a very heavy waxy texture and like so many Chilean flowers are an intense red. Pink and white forms are also grown but rarely sold in garden centres. Hardy to about -10°C with some damage. Lapageria is slow to germinate from seed and difficult to propagate in any other way so it is not a cheap plant but it is well worth the expense. New plants often fail to grow well when first planted and may need to be moved a few times to find the ideal location.
Lathyrus
The perennial sweet peas are a variable lot. They range from small rockery ground covers to rampant climbers. The annual species (L. odorata) is available in several strains and are reliable plants for quick colour and a ready supply of sweetly scented cut flowers. The perennial species are less gaudy but ultimately more satisfying as they don’t have to be replaced every year. The Blue Argentine Pea (L. pubescens) is probably the best known species. It has racemes of bright blue flowers in summer. It grows to about 2 m high and climbs by means of tendrils. Other common species include L. latifolius, which is pink but also comes in a white form. It grows up to 4 m high. The purple spring flowering species L. vernus is at the other end of the size range, it seldom exceeds 40 cm high. The deep pink L. grandiflorus is about the same size as L. pubescens and is also summer flowering. Easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in full sun. All species can be raised from seed, which should be soaked before planting. Many of the perennials can be grown by carefully dividing the rootstock in very early spring.
Lonicera
Honeysuckle is often regarded as a genus of somewhat weedy second class climbers but grown in the right place they are some of the easiest and most rewarding plants. It is a genus of evergreen and deciduous shrubs and climbers, most of which are very hardy. The most distinctive species, the Giant Burmese Honeysuckle (L. hildebrandiana), is also the most frost tender. It is hardy to about -6°C once established and may grow to as much as 15 m high although it is more commonly seen around 4 m high x 5 m wide. Its foliage consists of opposite pairs of deep green leathery leaves that may be up to 150 mm long. The flower clusters are produced in summer. The very fragrant 150 mm long tubular flowers open white and age to a buff yellow. Best grown in rich moist humus enriched well-drained soil in partial shade. Rather difficult to propagate but may be raised from seed or reasonably firm cuttings.
The hardier species have smaller leaves and flowers but are usually easier to grow and more adaptable. Some, such as L. caprifolium, flower in a mass burst in spring while other species flower less prolifically over a longer season. The ‘Gold Net Honeysuckle’ L. japonica ‘Aureo Reticulata’ is a cultivar grown primarily for its yellow veined foliage. This is an interesting form of variegation that is rarely seen. Honeysuckle flowers are usually cream inside but the outer colours vary and include yellow, pink red and orange. Many have very fragrant flowers and some have ornamental berries that are relished by birds.
Some honeysuckles, especially the widely grown L. serotina ‘Winchester’, are very prone to aphid damage. They can be difficult to keep clean and are probably better avoided. Most honeysuckles grow best in cool moist well-drained soil in semi-shade. Apart from L. hildebrandiana and L. x tellmanniana (-10°C) honeysuckles are hardy to at least -15°C. Most are easily grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Lophospermum
This genus includes several small climbers that are evergreen in frost free areas but herbaceous elsewhere. The only species that is at all common is L. erubescens, which was formerly classified as Maurandya erubescens. It grows to about to 2 m high and climbs by using the petioles as tendrils. It has coarse hairy toothed edge d leaves that are mid green, roughly triangular and 120 mm long. The 75 mm long red trumpet shaped flowers form in the leaf axils and appear in late summer and autumn. It grows quickly but becomes untidy unless cut back regularly. Even in mild areas it is best cut to the ground in winter. The tops frost if frozen but provided the rootstock is well insulated it will reshoot. Grows best in moist well-drained soil in sun or light shade. The rootstock may be lifted in late autumn and stored under cover. Propagated by seed, softwood cuttings or the division of well-established clumps.
Mandevilla
The two commonly grown species of this genus are very different from one another. Mandevilla splendens ‘Alice du Pont’ is an evergreen twiner with 150 mm long prominently ribbed leathery deep green leaves and widely flared 75-100 mm wide trumpet shaped flowers. In a mild climate it will grow 8 m wide but is usually more restrained. It is only hardy to about -2°C but will survive colder conditions with overhead protection. It is a magnificent climber with spectacular flowers but rather prone to aphids, which need constant attention. Likes a rich, moist, humus enriched well-drained soil in sun or partial shade. Propagate by semi-ripe cuttings, which are rather unwieldy due to the long internode but strike reasonably easily.
Chilean Jasmine (M. laxa [suaveolens]) is a semi-evergreen or deciduous twining vine. It has 125 mm long lanceolate leaves that are green in the shade but take on bronze tones when exposed to the sun. It has clusters of widely flared 50 mm diameter white trumpet flowers that are sweetly scented, especially in the evening. The flowers are followed by prominent seed pods. It is hardy to around -6°C and will reshoot if frosted to ground level. Grows to about 5 m high x 6 m wide. Best in moist humus enriched well-drained soil. Raise from seed or semi-ripe cuttings. Old plants can be cut to the ground and the rootstock divided.
Manettia
This genus includes about 30 species but only one, M. bicolor, is cultivated to any extent. It is a frost tender soft wooded twiner that is often used as a conservatory plant. It has 30 mm long deep green lanceolate leaves and 25 mm long tubular flowers. The flowers are bright orange red with yellow lobes, glandular or slightly hairy. The foliage dies back if exposed to temperatures below about -2°C but provided the rootstock is well insulated the plant will reshoot in spring. Grows to about 2 m high x 1.8 m wide. Prefers moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade. May be raised from seed or cuttings, which strike very easily.
Marianthus
This Australian genus includes several species with the potential to be garden plants but only one species, M. ringens, is grown to any degree. It is a reasonably hardy (-4°C) evergreen twiner that grows to about 1.8 m high x 1.5 m wide. The leaves are about 100 mm long, deep green and lanceolate. In spring and summer it produces racemes of bright orange red widely flared 30 mm long tubular flowers. Grows best in moist well-drained soil in partial shade. Raise from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Maurandya
The common species M. barclaiana is treated as an annual in cold winter areas but is herbaceous in most gardens and may be evergreen in very mild northern areas. It is a soft wooded twiner with 40 mm long deep green sagittate leaves. It grows to about 2 m high during the spring and summer and is best cut back in winter if it doesn’t die back naturally. From late spring to autumn the white centred purple trumpet shaped flowers appear. These are about 50 mm long and carried in loose racemes. Easily grown in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Usually raised from seed, which is freely produced.
Metrosideros
This genus, well known for the pohutukawa (M. excelsa) also includes a few climbers, of which the Climbing Rata Vine (M. carminea) is the best known. It has distinct juvenile and adult growth phases. If propagated vegetatively from the adult growth the resultant plants remain bushy and do not climb. This technique has been used to produce some interesting bushy forms, such as variegated ‘Carousel’, which is often used as a container plant. Seedling plants climb vigorously when young by means of aerial roots. The leaves are small and tightly pressed against the surface they are climbing. The vine will grow to the limit of its support. As it matures the leaves become larger and more oval shaped, the plant develops branches and generally fills out. In summer adult plants produce vast quantities of bright red filamentous flowers. The flowers are about 20 mm in diameter and so tightly clustered as to hide the foliage. Grows best in moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade. May be raised from seed or cuttings of the juvenile growth.
Mexican Blood Flower-see Phaedranthus
Mina
Mina lobata is a perennial twining vine that is often treated as an annual in areas where winter frosts would kill it. Usually raised from seed, and capable of growing to 6 m within one season. The seed should be scarified and soaked before sowing. It has deep green 75 mm wide x 100 mm long heart shaped leaves. The unusual flowers, which never appear to be fully open, form on long peduncles. The flowers start out orange red and fade through yellow to white. As flowers of varying ages are carried on the same stem the colour progression is very noticeable. Prefers moist well-drained soil and a sunny position. May also be grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Monstera
The Fruit Salad Plant (M. deliciosa) is often grown as a house plant but in near frost free areas it can be used as a garden climber. It climbs using its very strong aerial roots and can grow to 5 m high and wide or more. Its huge deeply cut leaves are very well known and are the main reason for growing the plant. However, in favoured climates it occasionally produces its arum-like white bracted flowers. The flowers are followed by the soft fleshed fruit, the flavour of which gives the plant its common name. Demands humus enriched soil and ample summer water. The foliage is at its best with light shade. May be raised from seed or by removing sections with attached roots.
Morning Glory-see Ipomoea
Moth Plant-see Araujia
Mucuna
This tender tropical evergreen twining genus includes one species that can be grown in the far north. M. bennettii is a vigorous climber that grows to 6 m or so in the tropics but would be considerably smaller here. It has leathery pinnate leaves that are quite attractive but it is primarily grown for its flowers. These bright orange red, sweet pea-like and carried in large pendulous racemes. Totally intolerant of frost and needs a warm climate to grow well. Plant in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Usually raised from seed. The rare Chinese species, M. sempervirens, is probably the hardiest species of this genus; it will withstand -5°C. However, its reddish purple flowers are unpleasantly scented.
Muehlenbeckia
The native species of this genus tend to be ground covers or sprawling shrubs but M. complexa is a twining vine that can grow to as much as 10 m across. Appropriately named Wire Vine or Mattress Vine it is a dense tangle of wiry stems with small leathery leaves up to 18 mm long. It is very hardy but where frosts are severe it is deciduous, however the loss of the leaves is hardly noticed. The small creamy flowers are easily overlooked but they are sweetly fragrant. Grows in any light well-drained soil and is an effective coastal plant. May be raised from seed or hardwood cuttings.
Mutisia
This genus is something of a novelty; climbing daisies. Three species of this South American genus are grown. All are evergreen semi-twiners. M. clematis and M. oligodon have tomentose pinnate leaves but those of M. decurrens are long and narrow, without tomentum. M. clematis may grow to 6 m high but the others are considerably smaller. They have 120 mm wide daisy flowers during spring and summer. M. clematis has bright red flowers that are reminiscent of Clematis or Dahlia. M. decurrens has orange flowers while those of M. oligodon are pink with yellow stamens. M. oligodon is the hardiest species and capable of withstanding -15°C. The others should take -5° — -10°C and will reshoot from the roots if they are well insulated. Grow in moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade. May be raised from seed, cuttings, or self struck basal suckers.
Nasturtium-see Tropaeolum
New Zealand Passion Vine-see Tetrapathea
Norantea
The Red Hot Poker Vine (N. guianensis) is very frost tender and demands a warm climate to grow well but it can be grown outdoors in mild northern areas. It has tough leathery 75 mm long oblong leaves and climbs by its strong aerial roots. In late winter it produces 200 mm long racemes of small bright orange bracted flowers. Grow in moist well-drained soil in full sun with shelter from wind. May be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Ornamental Grape-see Ampelopsis and Vitis
Pandorea
This Australian genus includes some spectacular climbers that are among the best of the near hardy evergreens. Two species and several cultivars are grown. They are vigorous twiners that can grow up to 8 m high x wide. Both species (P. jasminoides and P. pandorana) have similar dark green leathery pinnate leaves. The leaves are about 200 mm long and composed of 5-9 oval 40 mm long leaflets.
The Wonga Wonga Vine (P. pandorana) is the hardier species. It will tolerate -8°C with minor damage. In spring it has massed clusters of small bell shaped cream flowers with purple spotted throats. Golden yellow (‘Golden Showers) and pinkish red (‘Ruby Heart’) forms are available.
The Bower of Beauty (P. jasminoides) has heads of widely flared pink trumpet flowers that are about 50 mm wide. The species has white flowers with deep pink throats. The common cultivated form ‘Rosea’ has light pink flowers with darker throats. A pure white form is also available. P. rosea is hardy to about -4°C.
Grow in rich moist well-drained soil in sun or very light shade. Usually flowers better in the sun but the foliage is better with light shade. The species may be grown from seed but the cultivated forms are propagated by semi-ripe cuttings.
Parsonsia
This genus includes two native species, of which, P. heterophylla, is common in the wild and occasionally grown in gardens. It is an evergreen twiner with distinct juvenile and adult foliage. The juvenile leaves are up to 120 mm long and very narrow. The adult leaves are lanceolate, about 75 mm long x 25 mm wide. The panicles of tiny fragrant cream flowers appear in spring and continue at intervals until early autumn. A yellow flowered form is sometimes seen. The flowers are followed by seed pods that are up to 120 mm long. Hardy to about -12°C and easily grown in any moist well-drained soil. May grow to 12 m high in the wild but usually far smaller in gardens. Raise from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Parthenocissus
This genus includes three commonly grown species of hardy self-clinging vigorous deciduous climbers grown for their foliage. Their flowers are insignificant. Two of the species, Silvervein Creeper (P. henryana) and Virginia Creeper (P. quinquefolia), have compound palmate leaves made up of five leaflets. The other species, Boston Ivy (P. tricuspidata) has palmate three lobed leaves that resemble grape leaves except they have a heavier texture and are glossy. The foliage of all of the species develops vivid yellow, orange, red and purple colours in autumn. Boston Ivy and Virginia Creeper are hardy to about -35°C and will grow to the limits of their support. P. henryana will withstand -20°C and grows to about 4 m high x 8 m wide. All the species can be used as ground covers as well as climbers. All are easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in sun of very light shade. P. henryana, which has dark green leaves with purple undersides and silver veins, often has better foliage if grown in partial shade. Usually grown from semi-ripe summer cuttings or hardwood winter cuttings but may also be raised from seed. P. inserta is often sold as P. quinquefolia, they are so similar that the difference is of little concern for gardeners.
Passiflora
Passionfruit vines are frequently planted for their fruit but many are purely ornamental and often very spectacular. Unfortunately few are very hardy. All passionfruits are vigorous evergreen plants that climb using strong tendrils. Most species have palmate or prominently lobed leaves that are about 100 mm across. The edible passionfruit, P. edulis, has the most attractive foliage. Its leaves are large (150 mm across) and very glossy. All species have similar stellate flowers with long petals and prominent exserted stamens and style. Most species will not tolerate more than -3°C and some are totally intolerant of frost. The hardiest species is P. caerulea, it will withstand -10°C or slightly lower with some damage. Passionfruits grow best in moist well-drained soil in full sun and the largest may grow to 5 m high x 8 m wide or more. The seed of many species is available from specialists and plants can also be grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Passion Flower-see Passiflora
Pelargonium
The Ivy Geranium (P. peltatum) is not a true climber, rather it is a sprawling ground cover. However, if trained on a wire frame or through another plant it will climb successfully. It has succulent ivy-like leaves that usually have five lobes. Many different cultivars are grown. They vary considerably in flower and leaf colour but all prefer to grow in light well-drained soil in full sun. Hardy to about -4°C once established but resents cold wet conditions. Very good near the coast. Most of the plants grown are cultivars and must be vegetatively propagated, usually by semi-ripe cuttings.
Pereksia
An unusual member of the cactus family, P. aculeata is more likely to be seen as a house plant in New Zealand but it can be grown outdoors in warm frost free areas. Strangely, for a cactus, it has leaves. These are lanceolate and slightly curled. In the winter the foliage turns a bright yellow. The flowers are rarely seen and insignificant. Intolerant of frost and must be grown in light well-drained soil in a sunny sheltered position. Drought tolerant once established. Raise from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Petrea
Petrea volubilis is an evergreen twiner from Mexico. It is hardy to about -4°C and best grown in light well-drained soil in full sun. Its leaves are deep green, narrow and about 75-100 mm long. From late spring it is smothered in starry light purple flowers that are carried on massed racemes. It is spectacular in full bloom and grows rapidly to bout 4 m high x 4 m wide. May be raised from seed but usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Phaedranthus-see Distictis
Phaseolus
The Snail Flower (P. caracalla) is an evergreen twiner that becomes deciduous when exposed to temperatures below -2°C. It will withstand occasional -5°C frosts but repeated freezing is often fatal. If the roots are well insulated the plant will reshoot from the rootstock. Often neater if cut back to ground level each year regardless. It is a rapid grower with compound leaves made up of three oval leaflets. From mid spring it produces the unusual fragrant twisted and curled flowers that lead to its common name. The flowers are followed by bean like seed pods. Grows best in moist well-drained soil in full sun. May be treated as an annual and raised from seed each year. It can also be grown from semi-ripe cuttings, which strike quickly.
Pileostegia
Pileostegia viburnoides is a hardy evergreen that climbs by means of self clinging aerial roots and can grow to 8 m high x 5 m wide. It is hardy to -15°C and prefers to grow in cool moist well-drained soil in sun or light shade. It has 150 mm long deep green leathery oblong leaves. The leaves are slightly felted when young and have prominent veins. From late summer it produces large panicles of filamentous creamy white flowers. May be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Plumbago
Plumbago auriculata is a shrubby plant that is often used as a climber. Given adequate support it will climb successfully and may grow to 4 m high x 4 m wide. The leaves are about50-75 mm long elliptical and light to mid green. From mid spring to well into autumn the plant produces spikes of pale blue flowers. This shade of light blue is rarely seen in climbers. Prefers to grow in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Hardy to about -6°C and will reshoot from the base provided the rootstock is well insulated. A white form is becoming quite common. P. rosea is a pink flowered species that is too tender for all but mild frost free gardens. Usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Podranea
The Port St. John Creeper (P. ricasoliana) is a climber that grows almost too well. It is a rather frost tender (-3°) evergreen twiner that can withstand being frosted to ground level provided the rootstock is well insulated. In near frost free areas P. ricasoliana can grow to 6 m high x 10 m wide and may grow up to 4 m or more in one season. It has 150 mm long deep green pinnate leaves composed of about 7-9 leaflets. From early summer to mid autumn it produces trusses of widely flared bright pink trumpets that are up to 100 mm long x 75 mm wide. The flowers are followed by small seed pods. Plant in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Raise from seed, which often self-sows, or semi-ripe cuttings.
Port St. John Creeper-see Podranea
Polygonum
Some of the knotweed species are invasive weeds, others are small ground covers, and a few are twining wiry stemmed deciduous climbers. They are similar to the native Muehlenbeckia complexa in their growth habit except that they have larger leaves. Can grow to 4 m high x 6 m wide. The individual creamy white flowers are minute but they are massed in large panicles. Easily grown in any well-drained soil in full sun. Hardy to at least -20°C. Raise from seed or cuttings.
Potato Vine-see Solanum
Protoasparagus
The asparagus ferns are frequently used as indoor plants but most are hardy to about -6°C and can be grown outdoors in many areas. They grow from a semi-tuberous rootstock that acts as a food store to see the plant through adverse climatic conditions. Frosted plants often reshoot from the rootstock. The foliage of most species is very fine and plumose or needle-like. The flowers are small but often fragrant and are followed by bright red, brow or blackish berries depending on the species. Easily grown in any well-drained soil. Most climbing species grow to about 2 m high x 2 m wide. Raise from seed or propagate by dividing the rootstock.
Purple Apple Berry-see Billardiera
Pyrostegia
The Flame Vine (P. venusta) is a Brazilian native. It is quite hardy (-5°C) once established but needs protection when young and never becomes tough enough to withstand repeated heavy frosts. It is an evergreen twiner with paired mid green 75 mm long leaves. The flowers are intense reddish orange narrow widely flared trumpets. They are carried in clusters of about 15-20 flowers. Depending on the climate it starts to bloom from early winter to mid spring and the display lasts for several months. Grow in moist well-drained soil in full sun. May be raised from seed but usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings.
Quisqualis
Rangoon Creeper (Q. indica) is a very frost tender evergreen climber that requires warm summer conditions to perform well. It is a quick growing twiner that prefers a rich moist well-drained soil. A position in full sun sheltered from cold winds will give the best results. It has deep green compound leaves and unusual long tubed starry flowers. The clusters of sweetly scented pendulous flowers appear from midsummer. Grows to about 4 m high x 5 m wide. Can be treated as an annual where it would not survive the winter. usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Rangoon Creeper-see Quisqualis
Red Hot Poker-see Norantea
Rhodochiton
Purple Bells (R. volubile) is not a common climber but it is easily grown and unusual. It is usually treated as a perennial and cut nearly to the ground each winter regardless of whether it dies back naturally or not. Provided the rootstock is well insulated it will reshoot in spring. The leaves the very epitome of cordate, they are just like cartoon hearts except they are deep green. The 75 mm long tubular flowers are a deep blackish purple with contrasting flared bright red calyces. This creates a bicolor hose in hose effect. Easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in sun or light shade. May be raised from seed, semi-ripe cuttings or the careful division of well-established clumps.
Schizophragma
Sometimes called Climbing Hydrangea S. hydrangeoides is closely related to Hydrangea and looks very similar. It is deciduous and climbs by means of self clinging aerial roots. It will behave as a ground cover if there is nothing for it to climb over. It prefers to grow in cool moist well-drained soil in light shade and may reach 4 m high x 8 m wide. It has roughly heart-shaped leaves about the size and shape of poplar leaves. The typically hydrangea-like flower heads are white tinted pink and have small fertile, and larger sterile, florets. Hardy to -20°C. Usually grown from semi-ripe summer cuttings or winter hardwood cuttings.
Scindapsus
Devil’s Ivy (S. aureus) is most commonly grown as a house plant but it can also be grown outdoors in warm frost free areas. It is grown for its large leathery leaves, which are heart-shaped and may be up to 400 mm long on mature plants. The leaves of mature plants are deeply lobed while juvenile plants have smaller smooth edged leaves. Variegated forms are grown almost exclusively, the plain green plant is seldom grown. This is a vigorous plant that climbs using strong rope-like aerial roots. Does not tolerate frost and requires a warm moist climate to grow well. Best planted in rich moist soil in sun or light shade. May be raised from seed but as most plants are variegated the usually propagated vegetatively by cuttings.
Senecio
The climbing Senecio species are rarely seen. They are quite showy but none are truly hardy. The species most commonly grown are Cape Ivy (S. macroglossus) and German Ivy (S. mikanioides). Both are evergreen twiners with succulent ivy-like leaves. S. macroglossus is damaged by even light frosts but S. mikanioides will withstand -6°C once established. The large white or yellow daisies of S. macroglossus are individually more attractive than the tiny yellow daisies of S. mikanioides. However, the smaller flowers are carried in large clusters that almost entirely cover the plant. They are also fragrant. Both species grow to about 3 m high x 4 m wide. Plant in light well-drained soil in full sun. May be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Smilax
Once commonly grown as a quick cover S. aspera is now seldom planted. It is a hardy (-15°C) deciduous twiner with tiny elliptical leaves and insignificant white flowers. The stems have small barbs that aid in climbing. The flowers are occasionally followed by small red berries. Its prime attraction is the dense light green foliage cover it provides. Other Smilax species, such as S. lasioneura, have larger leaves but are only rarely available. Grow in moist well-drained soil in sun or light shade. May be raised from seed, small cuttings or the division of well-established clumps.
Snail Flower-see Phaseolus
Solandra
Cup of Gold (S. maxima) is a vigorous evergreen semi-twiner. It can grow to 12 m high and wide so it needs a stout support. Only hardy to about -3°C but it can withstand occasional -6°C frosts with light overhead protection. It has 150 mm long broad glossy deep green leaves and 150-200 mm diameter deep yellow cup-shaped flowers. The flowers, which are carried most heavily in mid spring, darken while they are open so that they are nearly orange when spent. Where the climate is mild enough it is easily grown. prefers cool moist well-drained soil in full sun. Shade the root zone if possible and provide ample summer water. May be raised from seed but usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings.
Solanum
The common Potato Vine (S. jasminoides) is a reasonably hardy (-6°C) evergreen twiner. It is a strong grower that can reach 4 m high x 6 m wide. The leaves are deep green (often tinted purple) lanceolate and about 50-75 mm long. The flowers, which are clustered in large racemes are white with yellow stamens, just like the flowers of the potato. Grows in almost any well-drained soil in sun or light shade. Usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings. Several other species are also grown. S. crispum is purple flowered but other wise virtually identical to S. jasminoides except that it is much stronger growing. Costa Rican Nightshade (S. wendlandii) also has light purple flowers but it less hardy and has sharply barbed stems.
Sollya
Australian Bluebell (S. heterophylla) is a small spreading shrub of twining semi-climber. It has pleasantly aromatic 35-50 mm long narrow mid green leaves and clusters of tiny bell-shaped light blue flowers. The 10 mm diameter flowers are more stellate than bell shaped but as they hang down it gives them a campanulate look. The flowers are followed by 15 mm long purplish cylindrical berries. Untrained it will become shrubby but tied to wire netting or otherwise trained it will grow as a climber to about 2 m high x 1.2 m wide. Hardy to about -8°C and easily grown in any moist well-drained soil. May be raised from seed but usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings.
Stauntonia
The Staunton Vine (S. hexaphylla) is not widely grown, which is surprising because it is a hardy (-12°C) evergreen climber with attractive flowers, foliage and fruit. It is a semi-twiner that grows to about 4 m high x 5 m wide. It has light green digitate leaves composed of 3-7 oblong leaflets. In spring it produces large clusters of lightly scented cream bell shaped flowers with purplish red throats. Provided they are pollinated the flowers are followed by edible 75 mm long purplish red fruit. S. hexaphylla has been regarded as dioecious but seems to be self-fertile to some degree although better crops are set with two plants. Prefers to grow in cool, moist, humus enriched well-drained soil in light shade but will tolerate sun provided it does not dry out. Easily raised from seed but otherwise difficult to propagate. Layering is probably the easiest method for gardeners.
Stephanotis
Famed for its fragrance Stephanotis floribunda is also attractive when not in flower. It has foliage composed of paired 100 mm long waxy deep green leaves. The powerfully fragrant 40 mm long pendulous tubular white flowers have widely flared lobes. They are carried in of about four blooms and appear from early summer. The flowers are very popular with florists for bridal decorations. Intolerant of frost but often grown indoors and may be forced into flower throughout the year. Grows best with a cool moist root zone and the foliage in filtered sunlight. Full sun rapidly burns the flowers. May reach 3 m high x 3 m wide. May be difficult to grow from cuttings and the seed is quite expensive so layering is probably the best propagation option for gardeners without their own seed.
Stictocardia
Stictocardia beraviensis is the most spectacular member of the convolvulus family but it is intolerant of frost and demands a warm climate to grow well. May be satisfactory outdoors in the far north but a conservatory or greenhouse plant elsewhere. It has large leathery cordate leaves with prominent veins. The flowers are widely flared bright red bells with a velvety texture. They are up to 100 mm long and wide. Grow in moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade. May be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Stigmaphyllon
Two twining evergreen or semi-deciduous species of this genus are grown. S. ciliatum is probably the more common but is not as hardy as S. littorale. Both grow to about 4 m high x 4.5 m wide. Both species have paired leaves, those of S. ciliatum are 50 mm long, cordate and edged with fine teeth while the leaves of S. littorale are 100 mm long, oval and smooth edged. Both species have clusters of unusual starry yellow flowers with petals on short stalks. S. ciliatum is hardy to about -2°C but S. littorale will tolerate -4°C, with some damage, once established. Plant in cool, moist, humus enriched well-drained soil. Best with the roots in the shade and the top in the sun. Water well in summer. May be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
String of Hearts-see Ceropegia
Strongylodon
The Jade Vine (S. macrobotrya) is a very distinctive climber that grows best in warm frost free areas. The mid green oval leaves are not that unusual but the flowers certainly are. They are up to 125 mm long, light blue, sweet pea-like and carried in large clusters of about 30 blooms. The flowers are followed by clusters of 120 mm long bluish seed pods. Grows best in moist well-drained soil in sun. Can become very large in sub-tropical gardens but unlikely to exceed 5 m high x 5 m wide under New Zealand conditions. Usually grown from seed, which should be soaked before sowing.
Sweet Pea-see Lathyrus
Tecoma-see Tecomaria
Tecomanthe
Undoubtedly the rarest of our native climbers and probably the one with the most spectacular foliage. The sole native species, Tecomanthe speciosa, has only been found once in the wild; in 1945 by Professor G.T.S. Bayliss on Great Island, one of the Three Kings Islands. The leaves are pinnate, composed of 3-5 leathery mid green oval leaflets that are up to 75 mm long. The flowers are tubular, light greenish yellow, and carried in clusters of about 10 blooms in spring. A vigorous evergreen twiner that can grow to 6 m high x 4 m wide or more. Only hardy to -3°C but able to be withstand lower temperatures with overhead protection. Grow in moist, humus enriched well-drained soil in sun or light shade. Other Tecomanthe species, such as the red flowered T. venusta, are available occasionally but they are generally quite frost tender.
Tecomaria
This evergreen semi-twiner (T. capensis) might pass unnoticed when not in bloom but from late spring to mid autumn it makes its presence very obvious by smothering itself in brilliant orange tubular flowers. It has slightly glossy deep green 125 mm long pinnate leaves composed of about 7-11 leaflets. The flowers are about 50 mm long and carried in racemes of up to 15 blooms. Easily grown in any moist well-drained soil but only hardy to about -4°C. Usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Tetrapathea
The New Zealand Passion Vine (T. tetrandra) was formerly included in Passiflora, the main passionfruit genus. It has glossy 75 mm long elliptical leaves with slightly wavy edges. The greenish yellow flowers are not particularly striking but the bright orange 40 mm long pear shaped fruit that follows on female plants is very showy. Both male and female plants are required for the fruit to set. Grows to 7 m high x 4 m wide but is best with regular trimming as it can become open and stringy if let go. Plant in moist well-drained soil in sun or light shade. Usually raised from seed but can also be grown from semi-ripe cuttings.
Thunbergia
The Black Eyed Susan Vine is a very distinctive climber but only reliably hardy in a near frost free climber. Elsewhere it can be grown as a summer annual. It has roughly triangular 75 mm long felted leaves with toothed edges. The flowers are simple five petalled wide open structures but their colour is most striking. They are a deep golden yellow with almost black centres. Grows to about 2 m high x 1.5 m wide and often used as a ground cover. Other species have different coloured flowers. T. grandiflora has blue flowers with white centres and T. gregorii (gibsonii) has bright orange flowers. Some species, such as T. coccinea and T. mysorensis have long pendulous racemes of wide mouthed tubular flowers. All require moist soil and warm conditions to do well. Easily raised from seed and will also grow from semi-ripe cuttings.
Trachelospermum
Often regarded as the poor man’s Stephanotis but a useful and attractive climber in its own right. The common species is T. jasminoides. It has tough leathery oval leaves about 75 mm long. In early summer it produces 25 mm wide starry white flowers that are sweetly scented. This twining climber can grow to 7 m high x 4 m wide but is usually far smaller. Hardy to about 10°C and easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in sun or light shade. A variegated form is sometimes available. May be raised from seed but usually grown from semi-ripe cuttings. T. asiaticum is a similar but slightly hardier species. It has smaller leaves and 20 mm diameter creamy yellow flowers.
Tristellateia
An evergreen semi-twiner best suited to warm frost free areas. T. australasiae has 100 mm long mid green leathery oval leaves. It grows to about 3 m high x 2 m wide and prefers a sunny position with light well-drained soil. The clusters of small starry change colour as they mature. They open cream turning to yellow, pink, and finally red, as they age. The flowers are followed by curved multi-lobed seed pods. may be grown from seed or semi-ripe cuttings.
Tropaeolum
The nasturtiums are among the easiest plants to grow and very effective as quick fillers or bank covers. The common garden nasturtium (T. majus) comes in dwarf and climbing forms. It has rounded greyish green leaves and vivid yellow or orange trumpet shaped flowers. It is a herbaceous perennial that is hardy to about -10°C provided the roots are well insulated. It also self sows freely.
Other species vary in leaf and flower type. Many, such as T. tricolorum and T. polyphyllum, have compound, near digitate leaves. Flower styles range from near stellate to tubular. Red and yellow are the predominant colours. Most are hardy to at least -10°C. Easily grown in any well-drained soil in sun. Mat be raised from seed or by the division of well-established clumps.
Virginia Creeper-see Parthenocissus
Vitis
The ornamental grapes are grown for their bright autumn foliage and attractive bunches of fruit. The two species most commonly grown for ornament are V. armuriensis and V. coignetiae. The cultivar ‘Brant’ is also quite common. All are strong growing deciduous vines that can grow to 15 m or more. Hardy to at least -20°C. They have typically boldly lobed grape leaves that develop intense yellow, orange, red and purple tones in autumn. The fruit varies in size, edibility and degree of ornament. Grow in well-drained soil in full sun. The species may be raised from seed but the best foliage forms are cutting grown. Either summer semi-ripe or winter hardwood cuttings are suitable.
Wattakaka-see Dregia
Wax Flower-see Hoya
Wisteria
Among spring flowering climbers of large proportions Wisteria has no equal but before you rush to plant one there are a few points to consider. If you intend to plant a Wisteria so that it grows over a carport or pergola consider the amount of litter that will be dropped. Both the falling flowers in spring and the falling leaves in autumn can make a considerable mess. Wisteria is a rampant grower once it gets under way and can be difficult to control. Before you plant one on a fence consider whether you will be able to control the growth on your neighbour’s side. Wisteria also takes a lot from the ground. It is difficult to find many plants that do well in the immediate vicinity of a well-established Wisteria.
There are two main species, which have led to numerous hybrids and cultivars, and one less commonly grown species. Most wisterias seen in gardens are originated from Japanese Wisteria (W. floribunda) and Chinese Wisteria (W. sinensis). The Silky Wisteria (W. venusta), which has broad silky leaves and white to very pale lavender flowers is far less common. However, the purple form ‘Violacea’ is one of the most fragrant cultivars and well worth growing. This species is among the best for training into tree forms.
The two common species are very similar to one another. Both have long pinnate leaves and long pendulous racemes of white, pale pink, lavender or purple flowers. W. floribunda usually has leaves with slightly more leaflets and has longer flower racemes. The form known as ‘Macrobotrys’ (‘Longissima’) has racemes up to 90 cm long. Double flowered forms are available in both species. W. x formosa is a cross between the two common species that has very narrow racemes and drooping foliage.
Making a choice from the wide range is largely a matter of personal preference, they all require similar conditions. In exposed sites it’s better to avoid the cultivars with long racemes as they are easily damaged by strong winds. Wisteria has a short but spectacular flowering season but trained well it is still attractive when not in flower. Pruning depends on how you want the plant to grow. During the growing season many long runners are produced, the vine puts most of it energy into the runners. If you are happy with the amount of top growth present, let the runners grow through summer but cut them out in winter. If you would like more top growth, remove the runners as they appear. If the framework of your climber is sparse train some of the runners upward to fill out the structure.
Hardy to at least -15°C and easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade. The species and some colour forms may be raised from seed, which should be soaked before sowing, but most cultivars must be vegetatively propagated. Commercially grown plants are often grafted but layering is also successful.
Wombat Berry-see Eustrephus.
Wonga Wonga Vine-see Pandorea.
Copyright Geoff Bryant
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